Wetlands, including urban lakes, cover nearly 6% of the planet's surface. They are among its most productive ecosystems, storing a disproportionately large share of the world's carbon — often more per unit area than forests. They also support biodiversity, climate regulation and human well-being. Yet many of India's remaining urban wetlands are today either biologically dead or heavily eutrophic. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has flagged the shrinkage of over 500 lakes in Jammu & Kashmir since 1967. Hyderabad alone has lost roughly 61% of its lake area since 1979, and 268 water bodies disappeared entirely between 2002 and 2012, according to one study.

Why Are Urban Lakes Vulnerable to Encroachment?

Rising land value: peri-urban land in cities such as Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Mumbai has turned into prime real estate over the past five decades. This makes lakes a perceived "opportunity cost," incentivising encroachment and turning wetlands into housing, highways and commercial complexes.
Institutional and public apathy: heavily polluted water bodies have become convenient dumping sites for untreated sewage, industrial effluents and municipal solid waste. Lakes are dying not only because they are encroached upon, but because they are taken for granted.

Why Do National Missions and Ramsar Status Fall Short on the Ground?

Formal recognition versus ground reality: India's expanding tally of designated Ramsar sites reflects formal, high-level recognition of wetland conservation. On the ground, however, the reality remains plagued by ambiguous boundaries, ongoing encroachment and disrupted catchment areas.
Diluted missions: initiatives such as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), the Jal Shakti Abhiyan and Mission Amrit Sarovar provide useful policy skeletons. Their on-ground impact, however, is routinely diluted.
Why it is diluted: this stems from fragmented accountability and weak inter-departmental coordination. Municipal bodies also tend to prioritise visible beautification — promenades, lighting, fencing — over ecological repair, ignoring feeder channels, catchments and water quality.

What Has Worked on the Ground?

Institutional intent in Telangana: the newly formed Hyderabad Disaster Response and Asset Protection Agency (HYDRAA) has reclaimed encroached lakebeds across dozens of water bodies.
It has also cleared illegal structures within Full Tank Level (FTL) zones and desilted long-blocked feeder channels to restore natural hydrological flows.
The result: the water spread of the severely choked Nalla Cheruvu nearly doubled, from 16 to 30 acres.
Citizen-led revival: grassroots "lake champions" in Bengaluru and Hyderabad have revived dying water bodies such as Puttenahalli, Jakkur and Kudikunta through community involvement.
The limitation: these successes remain too isolated. Without legal backing, sustained state funding and consistent statutory enforcement, local wins will stay exceptions rather than a replicable model.

What Structural Reforms Does India's Urban Future Need?

Formal integration: water bodies must be formally integrated into city planning.
Legal protection: lake boundaries and catchments need absolute legal protection, with strict, consistent penalties for encroachment.
Unified governance: fragmented governance must be streamlined under unified, accountable authorities.
Lasting citizen engagement: citizen involvement must be built into governance frameworks to ensure permanent local ownership.

Conclusion

Cities that reduce their lakes to landscaped backdrops will eventually pay the price in floods, heat stress and water scarcity. Those that restore them as living ecosystems will secure their resilience in a warming, water-stressed future.

Mains Angle

GS Paper III (Environment and Ecology) and GS Paper I (Urbanisation): this piece is useful for questions on wetland conservation, urban flooding and the gap between policy design and on-ground implementation in India's environmental governance. Practice question: "Urban lakes in India are disappearing not for lack of policy but for lack of institutional will and legal backing. Discuss with reference to recent state-level initiatives such as Telangana's HYDRAA." (15 marks, 250 words)

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